DRÉPANOCYTOSE : L’amour plus fort que la génétique ? Faites-vous dépister !
« L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) estime que chaque année 6000 enfants naissent avec la drépanocytose au Cameroun (soit 2% des nouveaux nés) dont 50% mourront avant l’âge de 5 ans. »
La drépanocytose est une maladie génétique, héréditaire, caractérisée par une anomalie de l’hémoglobine contenue dans les globules rouges. L’hémoglobine sert à transporter l’oxygène. L’hémoglobine anormale de la drépanocytose (l’hémoglobine S) empêche les globules rouges de remplir cette fonction.
Pour qu’un enfant soit atteint par la drépanocytose, il faut que ses deux parents lui aient transmis le gène S : il est alors homozygote SS. En cas de transmission d’un seul gène S (hétérozygotes AS), l’enfant ne développera pas la maladie mais il risque de la transmettre à sa descendance. Il est donc porteur saint. La probabilité de donner naissance à un enfant drépanocytaire est de 25% pour les couples dont les deux membres sont porteurs du gène S.
« La drépanocytose est la première maladie génétique dans le monde. »
Pour mieux comprendre la maladie et le vécu des personnes atteintes de la maladie, l’association Sourire d’Enfants a rencontré des professionnels du secteur (médecins, infirmier(ère)s) qui agissent tous les jours auprès des malades. Nous avons souhaité donner la parole à des personnes atteintes de la maladie ou ayant un membre de la famille malade.
Au Cameroun, la drépanocytose est encore méconnue et ignorée. C’est un sujet tabou, un secret familial car la maladie est considérée comme une maladie mystique. Les malades sont très souvent stigmatisés et rejetés par leur entourage. Ils sont livrés à eux-mêmes et vivent dans des conditions de souffrance physique et psychologique.
« Seulement quelques Unités de Soins Spécialisés existent dans deux grandes villes du pays (Yaoundé et Douala). »
Selon le corps médical, le problème de la drépanocytose au Cameroun est un problème politique car l’Etat n’a pas mis en place une réelle politique de prise en charge des enfants drépanocytaires. A ce jour, seulement quelques Unités de Soins Spécialisés existent dans deux grandes villes du pays (Yaoundé et Douala). De plus, la population n’a pas accès à la bonne information et l’Etat devrait mieux sensibiliser la population. Cette désinformation a des conséquences : les couples ne mesurent pas l’importance vitale du dépistage par la réalisation d’une électrophorèse Hb avant tout désir de donner naissance.
L’histoire de Carlos et Brenda nous montre les difficultés que peuvent traverser les couples. Leur couple a volé en éclat après qu’ils se soient rendu compte que leur enfant était malade (homozygote SS) car cette nouvelle a révélé leur « incompatibilité génétique ». Carlos n’aimerait plus risquer de faire un autre enfant malade d’après leur explication. Brenda exprime qu’elle était au courant de la maladie mais pensait que c’était « une affaire des autres ». Pour elle, « aujourd’hui, j’ai mis au monde un petit garçon malade. Comment pourrais-je faire pour payer ses médicaments vu que je ne travaille pas et que son père se débrouille… ».
« Drépanocytose, mon combat ! »
Ce combat de tous les jours, Christelle le connait bien. Âgée de 29 ans, Christelle est drépanocytaire. Son combat est le combat de tous ceux qui affrontent la maladie. Elle poursuit ses études en agriculture et mène en même temps au quotidien des actions de sensibilisation dans son entourage sur l’importance de l’électrophorèse. A partir de sa page Facebook « Drépanocytose, mon combat », elle raconte son expérience en tant que personne malade, elle conseille, sensibilise et cherche à éduquer à travers son expérience. Par ailleurs Christelle fait partie du réseau Convergence drépanocytose qui est une plateforme mettant en relation plusieurs acteurs de la lutte contre la drépanocytose au Cameroun. On compte en moyenne 10 associations nationales liées à cette plateforme qui mettent en commun leur savoir-faire et être au service de la population. Leur objectif premier est la vulgarisation de la maladie par la sensibilisation pour que les personnes puissent en tenir compte lors de leur choix marital ou procréatif.
« La drépanocytose, la maladie de la douleur et de la fatigue. »
Laetitia est une camerounaise pleine de vie qui habite en France. A partir de sa page Facebook « La drépanocytose toute une vie » et de son groupe WhatsApp, elle réunit des drépanocytaires du monde entier. Elle a créé autour d’elle un réel réseau de conseil et de partage d’expériences. Ses activités sont orientées dans la recherche de fonds dans le but d’aider les malades nécessiteux afin qu’ils puissent acheter, au minimum, des antidouleurs.
La drépanocytose est une maladie que l’on doit comprendre pour apprendre à vivre avec. Si c’est « la maladie de la douleur et de la fatigue », les malades, les familles et l’entourage des malades doivent la comprendre pour mieux l’appréhender. Ces jeunes femmes, en communiquant au niveau personnel, parlent de la douleur de vivre la maladie au quotidien.
Les réseaux sociaux (Facebook, groupes WhatsApp) sont des bons moyens pour comprendre sa maladie en échangeant avec des malades et des parents ; de connaitre les méthodes de soins existant dans différents pays ; d’évacuer le stress engendré par les moments de « crises » (hospitalisation urgente, angoisse du malade et des parents) ; de participer à un réseau d’entraide en Afrique (appui à l’achat de traitements)…
Ne restez pas isolés, entourez-vous et n’ayez plus honte d’être drépanocytaire ! Futurs parents, pensez à faire l’électrophorèse Hb, elle sauvera la vie de votre futur enfant !
Plus d’information
Centres de soins spécialisés dans la drépanocytose :
- Yaoundé : Hôpital Central, Hôpital de la Caisse, Fondation Chantal Biya
- Douala : Hôpital Laquintini
Organisations & Associations agissant au Cameroun:
- Institut Européen de Coopération et de Développement (IECD)
- DREPAVIE
- Organisation Internationale de Lutte Contre la Drépanocytose (OILD)
- Fondation Pierre Fabre
Facebook/WhatApp :
- La Drépanocytose, Ma Vie Mon Combat
- Drépanocytose, mon combat
- La drépanocytose toute une vie
- Convergence drépanocytose
- Groupe ouvert WhatApp « Brisons le silence »
…et bien d’autres encore!
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